Digital communications fundamentals and applications 2nd edition download




















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The clear, easy-to-understand introduction to digital communications Completely updated coverage of today's most critical technologies Step-by-step implementation coverage Trellis-coded modulation, fading channels, Reed-Solomon codes, encryption, and more Exclusive coverage of maximizing performance with advanced "turbo codes" "This is a remarkably comprehensive treatment of the field, covering in considerable detail modulation, coding both source and channel , encryption, multiple access and spread spectrum.

It can serve both as an excellent introduction for the graduate student with some background in probability theory or as a valuable reference for the practicing ommunication system engineer. For both communities, the treatment is clear and well presented. Digital Communications, Second Edition is a thoroughly revised and updated edition of the field's classic, best-selling introduction.

With remarkable clarity, Dr. Bernard Sklar introduces every digital communication technology at the heart of today's wireless and Internet revolutions, providing a unified structure and context for understanding them -- all without sacrificing mathematical precision. Sklar begins by introducing the fundamentals of signals, spectra, formatting, and baseband transmission. Next, he presents practical coverage of virtually every contemporary modulation, coding, and signal processing technique, with numeric examples and step-by-step implementation guidance.

Coverage includes:. Whether you're building wireless systems, xDSL, fiber or coax-based services, satellite networks, or Internet infrastructure, Sklar presents the theory and the practical implementation details you need. With nearly illustrations and problems and exercises, there's never been a faster way to master advanced digital communications. From the Back Cover The clear, easy-to-understand introduction to digital communications Completely updated coverage of today's most critical technologies Step-by-step implementation coverage Trellis-coded modulation, fading channels, Reed-Solomon codes, encryption, and more Exclusive coverage of maximizing performance with advanced "turbo codes" "This is a remarkably comprehensive treatment of the field, covering in considerable detail modulation, coding both source and channel , encryption, multiple access and spread spectrum.

Coverage includes: Signals and processing steps: from information source through transmitter, channel, receiver, and information sink Key tradeoffs: signal-to-noise ratios, probability of error, and bandwidth expenditure Trellis-coded modulation and Reed-Solomon codes: what's behind the math Synchronization and spread spectrum solutions Fading channels: causes, effects, and techniques for withstanding fading The first complete how-to guide to turbo codes: squeezing maximum performance out of digital connections Implementing encryption with PGP, the de facto industry standard Whether you're building wireless systems, xDSL, fiber or coax-based services, satellite networks, or Internet infrastructure, Sklar presents the theory and the practical implementation details you need.

About the Author DR. He is now head of advanced systems at Communications Engineering Services, a consulting company he founded in All rights reserved. The key features that have been updated are: The error-correction coding chapters have been expanded, particularly in the areas of Reed-Solomon codes, turbo codes, and trellis-coded modulation.

A new chapter on fading channels and how to mitigate the degrading effects of fading has been introduced. Explanations and descriptions of essential digital communication concepts have been amplified. End-of-chapter problem sets have been expanded. Also, end-of-chapter question sets and where to find the answers , as well as end-of-chapter CD exercises have been added.

The CD contains a workbook with over exercises, as well as a concise tutorial on digital signal processing DSP. CD exercises in the workbook reinforce material in the textbook; concepts can be explored by viewing waveforms with a windows-based PC and by changing parameters to see the effects on the overall system.

Some of the exercises provide basic training in using SystemView; others provide additional training in DSP techniques. The teaching of a one-semester university course proceeds in a very different manner compared with that of a short-course in the same subject.

At the university, one has the luxury of time—time to develop the needed skills and mathematical tools, time to practice the ideas with homework exercises. In a short-course, the treatment is almost backwards compared with the university. Because of the time factor, a short-course teacher must "jump in" early with essential concepts and applications. One of the vehicles that I found useful in structuring a short course was to start by handing out a check list.

This was not merely an outline of the curriculum. It represented a collection of concepts and nomenclature that are not clearly documented, and are often misunderstood. The short-course students were thus initiated into the course by being challenged. I promised them that once they felt comfortable describing each issue, or answering each question on the list, they would be well on their way toward becoming knowledgeable in the field of digital communications. I have learned that this list of essential concepts is just as valuable for teaching full-semester courses as it is for short courses.

Here then is my "check list" for digital communications. What mathematical dilemma is the cause for there being several definitions of bandwidth? See Section 1. See Section 3. When representing timed events, what dilemma can easily result in confusing the most-significant bit MSB and the least-significant bit LSB?

The error performance of digital signaling suffers primarily from two degradation types. How do they differ? Chapter 11 treats multiplexing and multiple access. It explores techniques that are available for utilizing the communication resource efficiently. Chapter 12 intro- duces spread spectrum techniques and their application in such areas as multiple access, ranging, and interference rejection.

This technology is important for both military and commercial applications. Chapter 13 deals with source coding which is a special class of data formatting. Both formatting and source coding involve digiti- zation of data; the main difference between them is that source coding additionally involves data redundancy reduction.

Rather than considering source coding imme- diately after formatting, it is purposely treated in a later chapter so as not to inter- rupt the presentation flow of the basic processing steps. It includes some classical concepts, as well as a class of systems called public key cryptosystems, and the widely used E-mail encryption software known as Pretty Good Privacy PGP.

Chapter 15 deals with fading chan- nels. Here, we deal with applications, such as mobile radios, where characteriza- tion of the channel is much more involved than that of a nonfading one. The design of a communication system that will withstand the degradation effects of fading can be much more challenging than the design of its nonfading counterpart.

In this chapter, we describe a variety of techniques that can mitigate the effects of fading, and we show some successful designs that have been implemented. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with Fourier methods and convolu- tion. It also assumed that the reader has a knowledge of basic probability and has some familiarity with random variables.

Appendix B builds on these disciplines for a short treatment on statistical decision theory with emphasis on hypothesis testing—so important in the under- standing of detection theory. A new section, Appendix E, has been added to serve as a short tutorial on s-domain, z-domain, and digital filtering. If the book is used for a two-term course, a simple partitioning is suggested; the first seven chapters can be taught in the first term, and the last eight chapters in the second term.

If the book is used for a one-term introductory course, it is sug- gested that the course material be selected from the following chapters: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, I have re- ceived an abundance of such assistance, for which I am deeply grateful. For their generous help, I want to thank Dr. Andrew Viterbi, Dr.

Chuck Wheatley, Dr. Ed Tiedeman, Dr. Joe Odenwalder, and Serge Willinegger of Qualcomm. I also want to thank Dr. Bob Bogusch of Mission Research, Dr. Bob Price and Frank Amoroso. I also want to acknowledge those people who played a big part in helping me with the first edition of the book. They are: Dr. Jim Omura, Dr. Adam Lender, and Dr. Todd Citron. I want to thank Dr. Also, thanks to Michelle Landry for writing the sec- tions on Pretty Good Privacy in Chapter 14, and to Andrew Guidi for contributing end-of-chapter problems in Chapter Maury Schiff of Elanix, who put up with my incessant argumentative discussions anytime that I called on them.

I also want to thank my very best teachers—they are my students at the University of California, Los Angeles, as well as those students all over the world who attended my short courses.

Their questions motivated me and provoked me to write this second edition. I hope that I have answered all their questions with clarity. I thank Rose Kernan, my editor, for watching over me and this project, and I thank Bernard Goodwin, Publisher at Prentice Hall, for indulging me and believing in me. His recommendations were invaluable. What is a more descriptive name for the Viterbi algorithm? Why do binary and 4-ary orthogonal frequency shift keying FSK manifest the same bandwidth-efficiency relationship?

See Section 9. Describe the subtle energy and rate transformations of received signals: from data-bits to channel-bits to symbols to chips. See Sections 1. In a fading channel, why is signal dispersion independent of fading rapidity?

See Section I hope you find it useful to be challenged in this way. Now, let us describe the purpose of the book in a more methodical way. This second edition is intended to provide a comprehensive coverage of digital communication systems for senior level undergraduates, first year graduate students, and practicing engineers.

Though the emphasis is on digital communications, necessary analog fundamentals are included since analog waveforms are used for the radio transmission of digital signals. The key feature of a digital communication system is that it deals with a finite set of discrete messages, in contrast to an analog communication system in which messages are defined on a continuum. The objective at the receiver of the digital system is not to reproduce a waveform with precision; it is instead to determine from a noise-perturbed signal, which of the finite set of waveforms had been sent by the transmitter.

In fulfillment of this objective, there has arisen an impressive assortment of signal processing techniques. The book develops these techniques in the context of a unified structure. The structure, in block diagram form, appears at the beginning of each chapter; blocks in the diagram are emphasized, when appropriate, to correspond to the subject of that chapter.

Major purposes of the book are to add organization and structure to a field that has grown and continues to grow rapidly, and to insure awareness of the "big picture" even while delving into the details. Signals and key processing steps are traced from the information source through the transmitter, channel, receiver, and ultimately to the information sink. Signal transformations are organized according to nine functional classes: Formatting and source coding, Baseband signaling, Bandpass signaling, Equalization, Channel coding, Muliplexing and multiple access, Spreading, Encryption, and Synchronization.

Throughout the book, emphasis is placed on system goals and the need to trade off basic system parameters such as signal-to-noise ratio, probability of error, and bandwidth expenditure. Also, the relationship between power spectral density and autocorrelation, and the basics of signal transmission through linear systems are established.

Chapter 2 covers the signal processing step, known as formatting, in order to render an information signal compatible with a digital system. Chapter 3 emphasizes baseband signaling, the detection of signals in Gaussian noise, and receiver optimization. Chapter 5 deals with link analysis, an important subject for providing overall system insight; it considers some subtleties that are often missed.

Chapters 6, 7, and 8 deal with channel coding—a costeffective way of providing a variety of system performance trade-offs. Chapter 6 emphasizes linear block codes, Chapter 7 deals with convolutional codes, and Chapter 8 deals with Reed-Solomon codes and concatenated codes such as turbo codes.

It also treats the important area of coded modulation, particularly trellis-coded modulation. Chapter 10 deals with synchronization for digital systems. It covers phase-locked loop implementation for achieving carrier synchronization.

It covers bit synchronization, frame synchronization, and network synchronization, and it introduces some ways of performing synchronization using digital methods.

Chapter 11 treats multiplexing and multiple access. It explores techniques that are available for utilizing the communication resource efficiently. Chapter 12 introduces spread spectrum techniques and their application in such areas as multiple access, ranging, and interference rejection.

This technology is important for both military and commercial applications. Chapter 13 deals with source coding which is a special class of data formatting. Both formatting and source coding involve digitization of data; the main difference between them is that source coding additionally involves data redundancy reduction.

Rather than considering source coding immediately after formatting, it is purposely treated in a later chapter so as not to interrupt the presentation flow of the basic processing steps. It includes some classical concepts, as well as a class of systems called public key cryptosystems, and the widely used E-mail encryption software known as Pretty Good Privacy PGP. Chapter 15 deals with fading channels.



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